Pharmacognosy guide

                    SHARK LIVER OIL Synonym : Oleum Selachoide. Biological source: Shark liver oil is extracted from the livers of deep-water sharks which typically inhabit the cold, non-polluted waters of the sea. Shark liver oil is typically obtained from sharks that are caught as a by-product of deep-sea fishing, making a valuable remedy from a natural resource that would have otherwise gone to waste. Shark liver oil is the fixed oil obtained from the fresh and carefully preserved livers of various species of shark, mainly Hypoprion brevirostris (lemon shark), family- Pleuonectidae, order-Selachii and Galeorhinus zyopterus. In India, Scoliodon, Carcharias, and Sphyrna are abundant among the species, and are generally utilize for the extraction purpose. Geographical Source: The oil is produced mainly on large scales in many European countries. In India, it is produced in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra a...

                                                                                Honey Family: Apidae Biological source: Honey is the saccharine liquid prepared from the nectar of the flowers by the hive-bee Apis mellifica and bees of other species of Apis. Geographical source: Honey is produces in certain parts of West Indies, California, Chile, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand and also in India. Preparation: Nectar of the flowers is mainly watery solution of sucrose and contains about 25% sucrose and 75% water. The worker bee sucks the nectar by means of a long hollow tube of the mouth (proboscis). The saliva of the bee contains enzyme invertase. Sucrose along with invertase goes to the honey sac, which is located in the abdomen of the bee and is hydrolyzed by invert...

AMLA Latin Names Emblica officinalis Gaertn. / Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) English Names Indian Gooseberry, Emblic Myrobalan Sanskrit Name Amalaki, Dhatriphala Hindi Name Amla, Aovla Habitat The tree is commonly found in the mixed deciduous forests of India ascending to 4,500 ft. in the hills. Morphology Description (Habit) E.officinalis  is a small or medium-sized deciduous tree with smooth, greenish grey, exfoliating bark. The leaves are feathery with small narrowly oblong, pinnately arranged leaflets. The fruits are depressed, globose, fleshy and obscurely 6-lobed, containing 6 trigonous seeds. Principal Constituents Amla is highly nutritious and is an important dietary source of Vitamin C, minerals and amino acids. The edible fruit tissue contains protein concentration 3-fold and ascorbic acid concentration 160-fold compared to that of the apple. The fruit also contains considerably higher concentration of most minerals and ...

COCOA BUTTER SYNONYMES: - Theobroma Oil, Cocoa Butter . BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: - It is a fat obtained from roasted seeds of Theobroma  FAMILY : - Sterculiaceae Geographical Sources  : - Cocoa is cultivated in most of the tropical and sub-tropical countries, especially SRI LANKA ,PHILIPPINES,BRAZIL and part of INDIA . Cultivation of cocoa : Cocoa is cultivated up to an elevation of 1000m above sea level. Soil well drained good quality soil with the capacity to hold moisture. Rainfall cocoa plant can tourate a rainfall 150 cm per annum. Cocoa plan is sun loving, but cannot bear direct sunlight. Preparation of cocoa butter: Cocoa seeds contains about 50% of cocoa butter. Seeds are separated from pods and allowed to ferment their colour from white to dark reddish brown due to enzymatic reaction. Fermentation process take place at 30-40C. After that the seeds rotated at 100-140C. Seeds are then cooled immediately. The kernees are then fed to hot ...